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The Pharm D is also called Doctor of Pharmacy, is a Professional Pharmacy course of 6 yrs duration after 10+2 (science stream) which includes 5 years of academic study + 1 year of internship. B. Pharm graduates shall be admitted as lateral entry candidate to the 4th year of Pharm D course and the duration of course will be 3 academic years (2 years of study and 1 year of internship).
Opportunities after Pharm D
A Doctor of Pharmacy, during the duration of six years, helps students in understanding the overall functioning and familiarizing themselves with the inside-out of the industry thereby increasing the career opportunities for the students. Pharm D graduates can work as research associates, teachers, lecturers etc. in colleges and universities all around the world.
Without wasting the time, let's go towards our topic.
Pharm D Notes
The Pharm D Notes are provided as per the yearly wise. By using the Table of content, you can directly redirect to your required year. You can easily find out your subject and able to get the required subjects notes.
| 💡 Table of Content |
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1. First Year Pharm D Notes
| Subject | |
|---|---|
| HAP | Click Here |
| Pharmaceutics | Click Here |
| Medicinal Biochemistry | Click Here |
| PH Inorganic Chemistry | Click Here |
| PH Organic Chemistry | Click Here |
HAP Pharm D Notes
1. Scope of anatomy and physiology, basic terminologies used in this subject (Description of the body as such planes and terminologies).
2. Structure of cell - its components and their functions.
3. Elementary tissues of the human body: epithelial, connective, Muscular and nervous tissues-their sub-types and characteristics.
4. a. Osseous system - structure, composition and functions of the Skeleton.
b. Classification of joints, Types of movements of joints and disorders of joints (Definitions only).
5. Haemopoietic System
a. Composition and functions of blood.
b. Haemopoesis and disorders of blood components (definition of disorder).
c. Blood groups.
d. Clotting factors and mechanism.
e. Platelets and disorders of coagulation.
6. Lymph
a. Lymph and lymphatic system, composition, formation and circulation.
b. Spleen: structure and functions, Disorders.
c. Disorders of lymphatic system (definition only).
7. Cardiovascular system
a. Anatomy and functions of heart.
b. Blood vessels and circulation (Pulmonary, coronary and systemic circulation).
c. Electrocardiogram (ECG).
d. Cardiac cycle and heart sounds.
e. Blood pressure - its maintenance and regulation.
f. Definition of the following disorders Hypertension, Hypotension, Arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, Angina, Myocardial infarction, Congestive heart failure, Cardiac arrhythmias.
8. Respiratory system
a. Anatomy of respiratory organs and functions.
b. Mechanism / physiology of respiration and regulation of respiration.
c. Transport of respiratory gases.
d. Respiratory volumes and capacities, and Definition of: Hypoxia, Asphyxia, Dybarism, Oxygen therapy and resuscitation.
9. Digestive system
a. Anatomy and physiology of GIT.
b. Anatomy and functions of accessory glands of GIT.
c. Digestion and absorption.
d. Disorders of GIT (definitions only).
10. Nervous system
a. Definition and classification of nervous system.
b. Anatomy, physiology and functional areas of cerebrum.
c. Anatomy and physiology of cerebellum.
d. Anatomy and physiology of mid brain.
e. Thalamus, hypothalamus and Basal Ganglia.
f. Spinal card: Structure & reflexes - mono-poly-planter.
g. Cranial nerves - names and functions.
h. ANS - Anatomy & functions of sympathetic & parasympathetic N.S.
11. Urinary system
a. Anatomy and physiology of urinary system.
b. Formation of urine.
c. Renin Angiotensin system - Juxtaglomerular apparatus - acid base Balance.
d. Clearance tests and micturition.
12. Endocrine system
a. Pituitary gland.
b. Adrenal gland.
c. Thyroid and Parathyroid glands.
d. Pancreas and gonads.
13. Reproductive system
a. Male and female reproductive system.
b. Their hormones - Physiology of menstruation.
c. Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis.
d. Sex determination (genetic basis).
e. Pregnancy and maintenance and parturition.
f. Contraceptive devices.
14. Sense organs
a. Eye
b. Ear
c. Skin
d. Tongue & Nose
15. Skeletal muscles
a. Histology.
b. Physiology of Muscle contraction.
c. Physiological properties of skeletal muscle and their disorders (definitions).
16. Sports physiology
a. Muscles in exercise, Effect of athletic training on muscles and muscle performance,
b. Respiration in exercise, CVS in exercise, Body heat in exercise, Body fluids and salts in exercise,
c. Drugs and athletics.
Pharmaceutics Pharm D Notes
1. a. Introduction to dosage forms - classification and definitions.
b. Prescription: definition, parts and handling
c. Posology: Definition, Factors affecting dose selection. Calculation of children and infant doses.
2. Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy and pharmaceutical industry in brief.
3. Development of Indian Pharmacopoeia and introduction to other Pharmacopoeias such as BP, USP, European Pharmacopoeia, Extra pharmacopoeia and Indian national formulary.
4. Weights and measures, Calculations involving percentage solutions, allegation, proof spirit, isotonic solutions etc.
5. Powders and Granules: Classification advantages and disadvantages, Preparation of simple, compound powders, Insufflations, Dusting powders, Eutectic and Explosive powders, Tooth powder and effervescent powders and granules.
6. Monophasic Dosage forms: Theoretical aspects of formulation including adjuvant like stabilizers, colorants, flavours with examples. Study of Monophasic liquids like gargles, mouth washes, Throat paint, Ear drops, Nasal drops, Liniments and lotions, Enemas and collodions.
7. Biphasic dosage forms: Suspensions and emulsions, Definition, advantages and disadvantages, classification, test for the type of emulsion, formulation, stability and evaluation.
8. Suppositories and pessaries: Definition, advantages and disadvantages, types of base, method of preparation, Displacement value and evaluation.
9. Galenicals: Definition, equipment for different extraction processes like infusion, Decoction, Maceration and Percolation, methods of preparation of spirits, tinctures and extracts.
10. Pharmaceutical calculations.
11. Surgical aids: Surgical dressings, absorbable gelatin sponge, sutures, ligatures and medicated bandages.
12. Incompatibilities: Introduction, classification and methods to overcome the incompatibilities.
Medicinal Biochemistry Pharm D Notes
1. Introduction to biochemistry: Cell and its biochemical organization, transport process across the cell membranes. Energy rich compounds; ATP, Cyclic AMP and their biological significance.
2. Enzymes: Definition; Nomenclature; IUB classification; Factor affecting enzyme activity; Enzyme action; enzyme inhibition. Isoenzymes and their therapeutic and diagnostic applications; Coenzymes and their biochemical role and deficiency diseases.
3. Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), HMP shunt, Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis. Metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus and glycogen storage diseases); Glucose, Galactose tolerance test and their significance; hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
4. Lipid metabolism: Oxidation of saturated; Ketogenesis and ketolysis; biosynthesis of fatty acids, lipids; metabolism of cholesterol; Hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism. Defective metabolism of lipids (Atheroslerosis, fatty liver, hypercholesterolmiea).
5. Biological oxidation: Coenzyme system involved in Biological oxidation. Electron transport chain (its mechanism in energy capture; regulation and inhibition); Uncouplers of ETC; Oxidative phosphorylation;
6. Protein and amino acid metabolism: protein turn over; nitrogen balance; Catabolism of Amino acids (Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation). Urea cycle and its metabolic disorders; production of bile pigments; hyperbilirubinemia, porphoria, jaundice. Metabolic disorder of Amino acids.
7. Nucleic acid metabolism: Metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides; Protein synthesis; Genetic code; inhibition of protein synthesis; mutation and repair mechanism; DNA replication (semiconservative /onion peel models) and DNA repair mechanism.
8. Introduction to clinical chemistry: Cell; composition; malfunction; Roll of the clinical chemistry laboratory.
9. The kidney function tests: Role of kidney; Laboratory tests for normal function includes:-
a. Urine analysis (macroscopic and physical examination, quantitative and semiquantitative tests.)
b. Test for NPN constituents. (Creatinine /urea clearance, determination of blood and urine creatinine, urea and uric acid)
c. Urine concentration test
d. Urinary tract calculi. (stones)
10. Liver function tests: Physiological role of liver, metabolic, storage, excretory, protective, circulatory functions and functions in blood coagulation.
a. Test for hepatic dysfunction - Bile pigments metabolism.
b. Test for hepatic function test - Serum bilirubin, urine bilirubin, and urine urobilinogen.
c. Dye tests of excretory function.
d. Tests based upon abnormalities of serum proteins. Selected enzyme tests.
11. Lipid profile tests: Lipoproteins, composition, functions. Determination of serum lipids, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.
12. Immunochemical techniques for determination of hormone levels and protein levels in serum for endocrine diseases and infectious diseases. Radio immuno assay (RIA) and Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA)
13. Electrolytes: Body water, compartments, water balance, and electrolyte distrubution. Determination of sodium, calcium potassium, chlorides, bicarbonates in the body fluids.
PH Organic Chemistry Pharm D Notes
1. Structures and Physical properties:
a. Polarity of bonds, polarity of molecules, M.P, Inter molecular forces, B.P, Solubility, non ionic solutes and ionic solutes, protic and aprotic Solvents, ion pairs,
b. Acids and bases, Lowry bronsted and Lewis theories
c. Isomerism
2. Nomenclature of organic compound belonging to the following classes: Alkanes, Alkenes, Dienes, Alkynes, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Amides, Amines, Phenols, Alkyl Halides, Carboxylic Acid, Esters, Acid Chlorides And Cycloalkanes.
3. Free radicals chain reactions of alkane: Mechanism, relative reactivity and stability
4. Alicyclic compounds: Preparations of cyclo alkanes, Bayer strain theory and orbital picture of angle strain.
5. Nuclophilic aliphatic substitution mechanism: Nucleophiles and leaving groups, kinetics of second and first order reaction, mechanism and kinetics of SN2 reactions. Stereochemistry and steric hindrance, role of solvents, phase transfer catalysis, mechanism and kinetics of SN1 reactions, stereochemistry, carbocation and their stability, rearrangement of carbocation, role of solvents in SN1 reaction, Ion dipole bonds, SN2 versus SN1 solvolyses, nucleophilic assistance by the solvents.
6. Dehydro halogenation of alkyl halides: 1,2 elimination, kinetics, E2 and E1 mechanism, elimination via carbocation, evidence for E2 mechanism, absence of rearrangement isotope effect, absence hydrogen exchange, the element effect, orientation and reactivity, E2 versus E1, elimination versus substitution, dehydration of alcohol, ease of dehydration, acid catalysis, reversibility, orientation.
7. Electrophillic and free radicals addition: Reactions at carbon-carbon, double bond, electrophile, hydrogenation, heat of hydrogenation and stability of alkenes, markownikoff rule, addition of hydrogen halides, addition of hydrogen bromides, peroxide effect, electrophillic addition, mechanism, rearrangement, absence of hydrogen exchange, orientation and reactivity, addition of halogen, mechanism, halohydin formation, mechanism of free radicals additon, mechanism of peroxide initiated addition of hydrogen bromide, orientation of free addition, additions of carbene to alkene, cyclo addition reactions.
8. Carbon-carbon double bond as substituents: Free radical halogenations of alkenes, comparision of free radical substitution with free radical addition, free radical substitution in alkenes, orientation and reactivity, allylic rearrangements.
9. Theory of resonance: Allyl radical as a resonance hybrid, stability, orbital picture, resonance stabilisation of allyl radicals, hyper conjugation, allyl cation as a resonance hybrid, nucleophyllic substitution in allylic substrate, SN1 reactivity, allylic rearrangement, resonance stabilisation of allyl cation, hyper conjugation, nucleophilic substitution in allylic substrate, SN2 nucleophilic substituion in vinylic substrate, vinylic cation, stability of conjugated dienes, resonance in alkenes, hyper conjugation, ease of formation of conjugated dienes, orientation of elimination, electrophilic addition to conjugated dienes, 1,4- addition, 1,2-versus 1,4-addition, rate versus equilibrium, orientation and reactivity of free radical addition to conjugated dienes.
10. Elecrophilic aromatic substitution: Effect of substituent groups, determination of orientation, determination of relative reactivity, classification of substituent group, mechanism of nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, friedel craft alkylation, friedel craft acylation, reactivity and orientation, activating and deactivating O,P,M directing groups, electron release via resonance, effect of halogen on electrophilic aromatic substitution in alkyl benzene, side chain halogination of alkyl benzene, resonance stabilization of benzyl radical.
11. Nucleophilic addition reaction: Mechanism, ionisation of carboxylic acids, acidity constants, acidity of acids, structure of carboxylate ions, effect of substituent on acidity, nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, conversion of acid to acid chloride, esters, amide and anhydride. Role of caboxyl group, comparison of alkyl nucleophilic substitution with acyl nucleophilic substitution.
12. Mechanism of aldol condensation, claisen condensation, cannizzaro reaction, crossed aldol condensation, crossed cannizzaro reaction, benzoin condensation, perkin condensation. Knoevenagel, Reformatsky reaction, Wittig reaction, Michael addition.
13. Hoffman rearrangement: Migration to electron deficient nitrogen, Sandmeyer’s reaction, basicity of amines, diazotisation and coupling, acidity of phenols, Williamson synthesis, Fries rearrangement, Kolbe reaction, Reimer tieman’s reactions.
14. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution: Bimolecular displacement mechanisms, orientation, comparison of aliphatic nucleophilic substitution with that of aromatic.
15. Oxidation reduction reaction
16. Study of the following official compounds- preparation, test for purity, assay and medicinal uses of Chlorbutol, Dimercaprol, Glyceryl trinitrate, Urea, Ethylene diamine dihyrate, Vanillin, Paraldehyde, Ethylene chloride, Lactic acid, Tartaric acid, citric acid, salicylic acid, aspirin, methyl salicylate, ethyl benzoate, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl pthalate, sodium lauryl sulphate, saccharin sodium, mephensin.
PH Inorganic Chemistry Pharm D Notes
1. Errors
2. Volumetric analysis
3. Acid-base titrations
4. Redox titrations
5. Non aqueous titrations
6. Precipitation titrations
7. Complexometric titrations
8. Theory of indicators
9. Gravimetry
10. Limit tests
11. Medicinal gases
12. Acidifiers
13. Antacids
14. Cathartics
15. Electrolyte replenishers
16. Essential Trace elements
17. Antimicrobials
18. Pharmaceutical aids
19. Dental Products
20. Miscellaneous compounds
21. Radio Pharmaceuticals
2. Second Year Pharm D Notes
| Subjects | |
|---|---|
| Pathophysiology | Click Here |
| Microbiology | Click Here |
| Pharmacognosy & Phytopharmaceuticals |
Click Here |
| Pharmacology - I | Click Here |
| Community Pharmacy | Click Here |
| Pharmacotherapeutics I | Click Here |
Pathophysiology Pharm D Notes
1. Basic principles of cell injury and Adaptation
a. Causes, Pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury.
b. Abnormalities in lipoproteinemia, glycogen infiltration and glycogen infiltration and glycogen infiltration and glycogen storage diseases.
2. Inflammation
a. Pathogenesis of acute inflammation, Chemical mediators in inflammation, Types of chronic inflammation.
b. Repairs of wounds in the skin, factors influencing healing of wounds.
3. Diseases of Immunity
a. Introduction to Tand B cells
b. MHC proteins or transplantation antigens
c. Immune tolerance
- Hypersensitivity - Hypersensitivity type I, II, III, IV, Biological significance, Allergy due to food, chemicals and drugs,
- Autoimmunity - Criteria for autoimmunity, Classifications of autoimmune diseases in man, mechanism of autoimmunity, Transplantation and immunologic tolerance, allograft rejections, transplantation antigens, mechanism of rejection of allograft,
- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS),
- Amylodosis.
4. Cancer: differences between benign and malignant tumors, Histological diagnosis of malignancy, invasions and metastasis, patterns of spread, disturbances of growth of cells, classification of tumors, general biology of tumors, spread of malignant tumors, etiology and pathogenesis of cancer.
5. Types of shock, mechanisms, stages and management
6. Biological effects of radiation
7. Environmental and nutritional diseases
i. Air pollution and smoking- SO2, NO, NO2, and CO,
ii. Protein calorie malnutrition, vitamins, obesity, pathogenesis of starvation.
8. Pathophysiology of common diseases: -
a. Parkinsonism,
b. Schizophrenia,
c. Depression and mania,
d. Hypertension,
e. Stroke (ischemic and hemorrhage)
f. Angina, CCF, Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction
g. Diabetes Mellitus
h. Peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel diseases
i. Cirrhosis and Alcoholic liver diseases
j. Acute and chronic renal failure
k. Asthma and chronic obstructive airway diseases
9. Infectious diseases: Sexually transmitted diseases (HIV, Syphilis, Gonorrhea), Urinary tract infections, Pneumonia, Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Malaria Dysentery (bacterial and amoebic), Hepatitis- infective hepatitis.
PH Microbiology Pharm D Notes
1. Introduction to the science of microbiology. Major divisions of microbial world and Relationship among them.
2. Different methods of classification of microbes and study of Bacteria, Fungi, virus, Rickettsiae, Spirochetes.
3. Nutritional requirements, growth and cultivation of bacteria and virus. Study of different important media required for the growth of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria & fungi. Differential media, enriched media and selective media, maintenance of lab cultures.
4. Different methods used in isolation and identification of bacteria with emphasis to different staining techniques and biochemical reactions. Counting of bacteria -Total and Viable counting techniques.
5. Detailed study of different methods of sterilization including their merits and demerits. Sterilization methods for all pharmaceutical products. Detailed study of sterility testing of different pharmaceutical preparations. Brief information on Validation.
6. Disinfectants: Study of disinfectants, antiseptics, fungicidal and virucidal agents factors affecting their activation and mechanism of action. Evaluation of bactericidal, bacteristatic, virucidal activities, evaluation of preservatives in pharmaceutical preparations.
7. Immunology: Immunity, Definition, Classification, General principles of natural immunity, Phagocytosis, acquired immunity (active and passive) . Antigens, chemical nature of antigens structure and formation of Antibodies, Antigen-Antibody reactions. Bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins. Significance of toxoids in active immunity, Immunization programme, and importance of booster dose.
8. Diagnostic tests: Schick’s Test, Elisa test, Western Blot test, Southern Blot PCR Widal, QBC, Mantaux Peripheral smear. Study of malarial parasite.
9. Microbial culture sensitivity Testing: Interpretation of results Principles and methods of different microbiological assays, microbiological assay of Penicillin, Streptomycin and vitamin B2 and B12. Standardization of vaccines and sera.
10. Study of infectious diseases: Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Cholera, Hepatitis, Meningitis, Syphilis & Gonorrhea and HIV.
Pharmacognosy & Phytopharmaceuticals Pharm D Notes
1. Introduction.
2. Definition, history and scope of Pharmacognosy.
3. Classification of crude drugs.
4. Cultivation, collection, processing and storage of crude drugs.
5. Detailed method of cultivation of crude drugs.
6. Study of cell wall constituents and cell inclusions.
7. Microscopical and powder Microscopical study of crude drugs.
8. Study of natural pesticides.
9. Detailed study of various cell constituents.
10. Carbohydrates and related products.
11. Detailed study carbohydrates containing drugs. (11 drugs)
12. Definition sources, method extraction, chemistry and method of analysis of lipids.
13. Detailed study of oils.
14. Definition, classification, chemistry and method of analysis of protein.
15. Study of plants fibers used in surgical dressings and related products.
16. Different methods of adulteration of crude drugs.
Pharmacology I Pharm D Notes Pharm D Notes
1. General Pharmacology
a. Introduction, definitions and scope of pharmacology
b. Routes of administration of drugs
c. Pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion)
d. Pharmacodynamics
e. Factors modifying drug effects
f. Drug toxicity - Acute, sub- acute and chronic toxicity.
g. Pre-clinical evaluations
h. Drug interactions
2. Pharmacology of drugs acting on ANS
a. Adrenergic and antiadrenergic drugs
b. Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs
c. Neuromuscular blockers
d. Mydriatics and miotics
e. Drugs used in myasthenia gravis
f. Drugs used in Parkinsonism
3. Pharmacology of drugs acting on cardiovascular system
a. Antihypertensives
b. Anti-anginal drugs
c. Anti-arrhythmic drugs
d. Drugs used for therapy of Congestive Heart Failure
e. Drugs used for hyperlipidaemias
4. Pharmacology of drugs acting on Central Nervous System
a. General anesthetics
b. Sedatives and hypnotics
c. Anticonvulsants
d. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents
e. Psychotropic drugs
f. Alcohol and methyl alcohol
g. CNS stimulants and cognition enhancers
h. Pharmacology of local anaesthetics
5. Pharmacology of Drugs acting on Respiratory tract
a. Bronchodilators
b. Mucolytics
c. Expectorants
d. Antitussives
e. Nasal Decongestants
6. Pharmacology of Hormones and Hormone antagonists
a. Thyroid and Antithyroid drugs
b. Insulin, Insulin analogues and oral hypoglycemic agents
c. Sex hormones and oral contraceptives
d. Oxytocin and other stimulants and relaxants
7. Pharmacology of autocoids and their antagonists
a. Histamines and Antihistaminics
b. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and its antagonists
c. Lipid derived autocoids and platelet activating factor
Community Pharmacy Pharm D Notes
1. Definition, scope, of community pharmacy, Roles and responsibilities of Community pharmacist
2. Community Pharmacy Management
a. Selection of site, Space layout, and design
b. Staff, Materials- coding, stocking
c. Legal requirements
d. Maintenance of various registers
e. Use of Computers: Business and health care soft wares
3. Prescriptions - parts of prescription, legality & identification of medication related problems like drug interactions.
4. Inventory control in community pharmacy
Definition, various methods of Inventory Control
ABC, VED, EOQ, Lead time, safety stock
5. Pharmaceutical care - Definition and Principles of Pharmaceutical care.
6. Patient counselling - Definition, outcomes, various stages, barriers, Strategies to overcome barriers Patient information leaflets- content, design, & layouts, advisory labels.
7. Patient medication adherence - Definition, Factors affecting medication adherence, role of pharmacist in improving the adherence.
8. Health screening services - Definition, importance, methods for screening, Blood pressure/ blood sugar/ lung function and Cholesterol testing.
9. OTC Medication - Definition, OTC medication list & Counselling.
10. Health Education - WHO Definition of health, and health promotion, care for children, pregnant & breastfeeding women, and geriatric patients.
Commonly occurring Communicable Diseases, causative agents, Clinical presentations and prevention of communicable diseases - Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, Typhoid, Amoebiasis, Malaria, Leprosy, Syphilis, Gonorrhea and AIDS.
Balance diet, and treatment & prevention of deficiency disorders.
Family planning - role of pharmacist.
11. Responding to symptoms of minor ailments
Relevant pathophysiology, common drug therapy to, Pain, GI disturbances (Nausea, Vomiting, Dyspepsia, diarrhea, constipation), Pyrexia, Opthalmic symptoms, worms infestations.
12. Essential Drugs concept and Rational Drug Therapy, Role of community pharmacist.
13. Code of ethics for community pharmacists.
Pharmacotherapeutics I Pharm D Notes
1. Cardiovascular system: Hypertension, Congestive cardiac failure, Angina Pectoris, Myocardial infarction, Hyperlipidemias, Electrophysiology of heart and Arrhythmias.
2. Respiratory system: Introduction to Pulmonary function test, Asthma, Chronic obstructive airways disease, Drug induced pulmonary diseases.
Endocrine system: Diabetes, Thyroid diseases, Oral contraceptives, Hormone replacement therapy, Osteoporosis.
3. General prescribing guidelines for:-
a. Pediatric patients
b. Geriatric patients
c. Pregnancy and breast feeding
4. Ophthalmology: Glaucoma, Conjunctivitis- viral & bacterial.
5. Introduction to rational drug use: Definition, Role of pharmacist Essential drug concept Rational drug formulations.
3. Third Year Pharm D Notes
| Subjects | |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology II | Click Here |
| PH Analysis | Click Here |
| Pharmacotherapeutics II | Click Here |
| PH Jurisprudence | Click Here |
| Medicinal Chemistry | Click Here |
| PH Formulations | Click Here |
Pharmacology II Pharm D Notes
1. Pharmacology of Drugs acting on Blood and blood forming agents
2. Pharmacology of drugs acting on Renal System
3. Chemotherapy
4. Immunopharmacology
5. Principles of Animal toxicology
6. The dynamic cell:
PH Analysis Pharm D Notes
1. Quality Assurance
a. Introduction, sources of quality variation, control of quality variation.
b. Concept of statistical quality control.
c. Validation methods- quality of equipment, validation of equipment and validation of analytical instruments and calibration.
d. GLP, ISO 9000.
e. Total quality management, quality review and documentation.
f. ICH - international conference for harmonization-guidelines.
g. Regulatory control.
2. Chromatography: Introduction, history, classification, separation techniques, choice of methods. The following techniques be discussed with relevant examples of pharmaceutical products involving principles and techniques of separation of drugs from excipients.
a. Column Chromatography: Adsorption column chromatography, Operational technique, frontal analysis and elution analysis. Factors affecting column efficiency, applications and partition chromatography.
b. TLC: Introduction, principle, techniques, Rf value and applications.
c. PC: Introduction, principle, types of paper chromatography, preparation techniques, development techniques, applications.
d. Ion-exchange chromatography: Introduction, principles, types of ion exchange synthetic resins, physical properties, factors affecting ion exchange, methodology and applications.
e. HPLC: Introduction, theory, instrumentation, and applications.
f. HPTLC: Introduction, theory, instrumentation, and applications.
g. Gas Chromatography: Introduction, theory, instrumentation-carrier gases, types of columns, stationary phases in GLC & GSC. Detectors-Flame ionization detectors, electron capture detector, thermal conductivity detector. Typical gas chromatogram, derivatisation techniques, programmed temperature gas chromatography, applications.
h. Electrophoresis: Principles of separation, equipment for paper and gel electrophoresis, and application.
i. Gel filtration and affinity chromatography: Introduction, technique, applications.
3. Electrometric Methods: Theoretical aspects, instrumentation, interpretation of data/spectra and analytical applications be discussed on the following topics.
a. Potentiometry: Electrical potential, electrochemical cell, reference electrodes, indicator electrodes, measurement of potential and pH, construction and working of electrodes, Potentiometric titrations, methods of detecting end point, Karl Fischer titration.
b. Conductometry: Introduction, conductivity cell, conductometric titrations and applications.
c. Polarography: Instrumentation, DME, residual current, diffusion current and limiting current, polarographic wave, Ilkovic’s equation, Effect of oxygen on polarographic wave, Polarographic maxima and suppressors and applications.
d. Amperometric Titrations: Introduction, types of electrodes used, reference and indicator electrode, instrumentation, titration procedure, advantages and disadvantages of Amperometry over potentiometry. Pharma applications.
4. Spectroscopy: Theoretical aspects, instrumentation, elements of interpretation of data/spectra and application of analytical techniques be discussed on:
a. Absorption Spectroscopy: Theory of electronic, atomic and molecular spectra. Fundamental laws of photometry, Beer-Lambert’s Law, application and its deviation, limitation of Beer law, application of the law to single and multiple component analysis, measurement of equilibrium constant and rate constant by spectroscopy. Spectra of isolated chromophores, auxochromes, batho-chromic shift, hypsochromic shift, hyperchromic and hypochromic effect, effect of solvent on absorption spectra, molecular structure and infrared spectra.
Instrumentation - Photometer, U.V.-Visible spectrophotometer - sources of U.V.-Visible radiations, collimating systems, monochromators, samples cells and following detectors-Photocell, Barrier layer cell, Phototube, Diode array, applications of U.V.-Visible spectroscopy in pharmacy and spectrophotometric titrations.
Infrared Spectroscopy: Vibrational transitions, frequency - structure correlations, Infrared absorption bands, Instrumentation-IR spectro-meter - sources of IR, Collimating systems, monochromators, sample cells, sample handling in IR spectroscopy and detectors-Thermocouple, Golay Cells, Thermistor, Bolometer, Pyroelectric detector, Applications of IR in pharmacy.
Fluorimetric Analysis: Theory, luminescence, factors affecting fluorescence, quenching. Instrumentation, Applications, fluorescent indicators, study of pharmaceutically important compounds estimated by fluorimetry.
b. Flame Photometry: Theory, nebulisation, flame and flame temperature, interferences, flame spectrometric techniques and instrumentation and pharmaceutical applications.
c. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: Introduction, Theory, types of electrodes, instrumentation and applications.
d. Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic sources, atomic emission spectrometers, photographic and photoelectric detection.
e. NMR & ESR (introduction only): Introduction, theoretical aspects and applications.
f. Mass Spectroscopy: (Introduction only) - Fragmentation, types of ions produced mass spectrum and applications.
g. Polarimetry: (Introduction only) - Introduction to optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism, polarimeter.
h. X-RAY Diffraction: (Introduction only) - Theory, reciprocal lattice concept, diffraction patterns and applications.
i. Thermal Analysis: Introduction, instrumentation, applications, and DSC and DTA.
Pharmacotherapeutics II Pharm D Notes
1. Infectious disease: Guidelines for the rational use of antibiotics and surgical Prophylaxis, Tuberculosis, Meningitis, Respiratory tract infections, Gastroenteritis, Endocarditis, Septicemia, Urinary tract infections, Protozoal infection- Malaria, HIV & Opportunistic infections, Fungal infections, Viral infections, Gonarrhoea and Syphillis.
2. Musculoskeletal disorders: Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Gout, Spondylitis, Systemic lupus erythematosus.
3. Renal system: Acute Renal Failure, Chronic Renal Failure, Renal Dialysis, Drug induced renal disorders.
4. Oncology: Basic principles of Cancer therapy, General introduction to cancer chemotherapeutic agents, Chemotherapy of breast cancer, leukemia. Management of chemotherapy nausea and emesis
5. Dermatology: Psoriasis, Scabies, Eczema, Impetigo.
PH Jurisprudence Pharm D Notes
1. Pharmaceutical Legislations - A brief review.
2. Principle and Significance of professional ethics: Critical study of the code of pharmaceutical ethics drafted by PCI.
3. Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940,and its rules 1945: Objectives, Legal definition, Study of Schedule’s with reference to Schedule B, C&C1, D, E1, F&F1, F2, F3, FF, G, H, J, K, M, N, P, R, V, W, X, Y. Sales, Import, labeling and packaging of Drugs and Cosmetics Provisions Relating to Indigenous Systems.
Constitution and Functions of DTAB, DCC, CDL.
Qualification and duties - Govt. analyst and Drugs Inspector.
4. Pharmacy Act - 1948: Objectives Legal Definitions, General Study, Constitution and Functions of State & Central Council, Registration & Procedure, ER.
5. Medicinal and Toilet Preparation Act - 1955: Objectives, Legal Definitions, Licensing, Bonded and Non-Bonded Laboratory, Ware Housing, Manufacture of Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, Patent & Proprietary Preparations.
6. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances Act - 1985 and Rules: Objectives, Legal Definitions, General Study, Constitution and Functions of narcotic & Psychotropic Consultative Committee, National Fund for Controlling the Drug Abuse, Prohibition, Control and regulations, Schedules to the Act.
7. Study of Salient Features of Drugs and magic remedies Act and its rules.
8. Study of essential Commodities Act Relevant to drugs price control Order.
9. Drug Price control Order & National Drug Policy (Current).
10. Prevention Of Cruelty to animals Act-1960.
11. Patents & design Act-1970.
12. Brief study of prescription and Non-prescription Products.
Medicinal Chemistry Pharm D Notes
1. Modern concept of rational drug design: A brief introduction to Quantitative Structure Activity Relationaship (QSAR), prodrug, combinatorial chemistry and computer aided drug design (CADD) and concept of antisense molecules.
A study of the development of the following classes of drugs including SAR, mechanism of action, synthesis of important compounds, chemical nomenclature, brand names of important marketed products and their side effects.
2. Anti-infective agents
a. Local anti-infective agents
b. Preservatives
c. Antifungal agents
d. Urinary tract anti-infectives
e. Antitubercular agents
f. Antiviral agents and Anti AIDS agents
g. Antiprotozoal agents
h. Anthelmentics
i. Antiscabies and Antipedicular agents
3. Sulphonamides and sulphones
4. Antimalarials
5. Antibiotics
6. Antineoplastic agents
7. Cardiovascular agents
a. Antihypertensive agents
b. Antianginal agents and vasodilators
c. Antiarrhythmic agents
d. Antihyperlipidemic agents
e. Coagulants and Anticoagulants
f. Endocrine
8. Hypoglycemic agents
9. Thyroid and Antithyroid agents
10. Diureties
11. Diagnostic agents
12. Steroidal Hormones and Adrenocorticoids
PH Formulation Pharm D Notes
1. Pharmaceutical dosage form: concept and classification.
2. Tablets: Formulation of different types of tablets, tablet excipients, granulation techniques quality control and evaluation of tablets. Tablet coating, Type of coating, quality control tests for coated tablet.
3. Capsules: Production and filling of hard gelatin capsules, Raw material for shell, finishing, quality control tests for capsules. Production and filling of soft gelatin capsules, quality control tests for soft gelatin capsules.
4. Liquid orals: Formulation and evaluation of suspensions, emulsions and solutions. Stability of these preparations.
5. Parenterals: Introduction Containers used for Parenterals (including official tests) Formulation of large and small volume Parenterals Sterilization.
6. Ophthalmic preparations (Semi – Solids): Introduction and classification Factors affecting absorption and anatomy of skin Packaging storage and labeling, Ointment Types of Ointment Base Preparation of ointment, Jellies Types of jellies Formulation of jellies Suppositories, Method of preparation, Types Packaging.
7. Definition and concept of Controlled and novel Drug delivery systems with available examples, viz. parentral, trans dermal, buccal, rectal, nasal, implants, ocular.
4. Fourth Year Pharm D Notes
| Subject | |
|---|---|
| Pharmacotherapeutics III | Click Here |
| Hospital Pharmacy | Click Here |
| Clinical Pharmacy | Click Here |
| Biostatistics and Research Methodology |
Click Here |
| Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics |
Click Here |
| Clinical Toxicology | Click Here |
Hospital Pharmacy Pharm D Notes
1. Hospital - Its Organization and functions
2. Hospital pharmacy: Organization and management
a. Organizational structure-Staff, Infrastructure & work load statistics
b. Management of materials and finance
c. Roles & responsibilities of hospital pharmacist
3. The Budget - Preparation and implementation
4. Hospital drug policy
a. Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee (PTC)
b. Hospital formulary
c. Hospital committees - Infection committee - Research and ethical committee
d. developing therapeutic guidelines
e. Hospital pharmacy communication - Newsletter
5. Hospital pharmacy services
a. Procurement & warehousing of drugs and Pharmaceuticals
b. Inventory control Definition, various methods of Inventory Control ABC, VED, EOQ, Lead time, safety stock
c. Drug distribution in the hospital
i) Individual prescription method
ii) Floor stock method
iii) Unit dose drug distribution method
d. Distribution of Narcotic and other controlled substances
e. Central sterile supply services – Role of pharmacist.
6 Manufacture of Pharmaceutical preparations
a. Sterile formulations - large and small volume parenterals
b. Manufacture of Ointments, Liquids, and creams
c. Manufacturing of Tablets, granules, capsules, and powders
d. Total parenteral nutrition
7. Continuing professional development programs: Education and training.
8. Radio Pharmaceuticals - Handling and packaging
9. Professional Relations and practices of hospital pharmacist
Clinical Pharmacy Pharm D Notes
1. Definitions, development and scope of clinical pharmacy
2. Introduction to daily activities of a clinical pharmacist
a. Drug therapy monitoring (medication chart review, clinical review, pharmacist interventions)
b. Ward round participation
c. Adverse drug reaction management
d. Drug information and poisons information
e. Medication history
f. Patient counseling
g. Drug utilisation evaluation (DUE) and review (DUR)
h. Quality assurance of clinical pharmacy services
3. Patient data analysis: The patient's case history, its structure and use in evaluation of drug therapy & understanding common medical abbreviations and terminologies used in clinical practices.
4. Clinical laboratory tests used in the evaluation of disease states, and interpretation of test results
a. Haematological, Liver function, Renal function, thyroid function tests
b. Tests associated with cardiac disorders
c. Fluid and electrolyte balance
d. Microbiological culture sensitivity tests
e. Pulmonary Function Tests
5. Drug & Poison information
a. Introduction to drug information resources available
b. Systematic approach in answering DI queries
c. Critical evaluation of drug information and literature
d. Preparation of written and verbal reports
e. Establishing a Drug Information Centre
f. Poisons information- organization & information resources
6. Pharmacovigilance
a. Scope, definition and aims of pharmacovigilance
b. Adverse drug reactions - Classification, mechanism, predisposing factors, causality assessment [different scales used]
c. Reporting, evaluation, monitoring, preventing & management of ADRs
d. Role of pharmacist in management of ADR.
7. Communication skills, including patient counselling techniques, medication history interview, presentation of cases.
8. Pharmaceutical care concepts
9. Critical evaluation of biomedical literature
10. Medication errors
Biostatistics and Research Methodology Pharm D Notes
1. Research Methodology
a. Types of clinical study designs: Case studies, observational studies, interventional studies,
b. Designing the methodology
c. Sample size determination and Power of a study Determination of sample size for simple comparative experiments, determination of sample size to obtain a confidence interval of specified width, power of a study.
d. Report writing and presentation of data.
2. Biostatistics
2.1 a. Introduction
b. Types of data distribution
c. Measures describing the central tendency distributions- average, median, mode
d. Measurement of the spread of data-range, variation of mean, standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, standard error of mean.
2.2 Data graphics: Construction and labeling of graphs, histogram, piecharts, scatter plots, semilogarthimic plots
2.3 Basics of testing hypothesis
a. Null hypothesis, level of significance, power of test, P value, statistical estimation of confidence intervals.
b. Level of significance (Parametric data)- students t test (paired and unpaired), chi Square test, Analysis of Variance (one-way and two-way)
c. Level of significance (Non-parametric data)- Sign test, Wilcoxan’s signed rank test, Wilcoxan rank sum test, Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wall is test (one way ANOVA)
d. Linear regression and correlation- Introduction, Pearsonn’s and Spearmann’s correlation and correlation co-efficient.
e. Introduction to statistical software: SPSS, Epi Info, SAS.
2.4 Statistical methods in epidemiology: Incidence and prevalence, relative risk, attributable risk.
3. Computer applications in pharmacy
Computer System in Hospital Pharmacy: Patterns of Computer use in Hospital Pharmacy - Patient record database management, Medication order entry - Drug labels and list - Intravenous solution and admixture, patient medication profiles, Inventory control, Management report & Statistics.
Computer In Community Pharmacy: Computerizing the Prescription Dispensing process Use of Computers for Pharmaceutical Care in community pharmacy Accounting and General ledger system.
Drug Information Retrieval & Storage: Introduction - Advantages of Computerized Literature Retrieval.
Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Pharm D Notes
1. Biopharmaceutics: Introduction to Biopharmaceuticsa. Absorption of drugs from gastrointestinal tract.
b. Drug Distribution.
c. Drug Elimination.
2. Pharmacokinetics: Introduction to Pharmacokinetics.
a. Mathematical model
b. Drug levels in blood
c. Pharmacokinetic model
d. Compartment models
e. Pharmacokinetic study.
3. One compartment open model.
a. Intravenous Injection (Bolus)
b. Intravenous infusion.
4. Multicompartment models.
a. Two compartment open model.
b. IV bolus, IV infusion and oral administration
5. Multiple - Dosage Regimens.
a. Repititive Intravenous injections - One Compartment Open Model
b. Repititive Extravascular dosing - One Compartment Open model
c. Multiple Dose Regimen - Two Compartment Open Model
6. Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics
a. Introduction
b. Factors causing Non-linearity.
c. Michaelis-menton method of estimating parameters.
7. Noncompartmental Pharmacokinetics.
a. Statistical Moment Theory.
b. MRT for various compartment models.
c. Physiological Pharmacokinetic model.
8. Bioavailability and Bioequivalence.
a. Introduction.
b. Bioavailability study protocol.
c. Methods of Assessment of Bioavailability
Clinical Toxicology Pharm D Notes
1. General principles involved in the management of poisoning.2. Antidotes and the clinical applications.
3. Supportive care in clinical Toxicology.
4. Gut Decontamination.
5. Elimination Enhancement.
6. Toxicokinetics.
7. Clinical symptoms and management of acute poisoning with the following agents:-
a. Pesticide poisoning: organophosphorous compounds, carbamates, organochlorines, pyrethroids.
b. Opiates overdose.
c. Antidepressants.
d. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
e. Alcohol: ethanol, methanol.
f. Paracetamol and salicylates.
g. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
h. Hydrocarbons: Petroleum products and PEG.
i. Caustics: inorganic acids and alkali.
j. Radiation poisoning
8. Clinical symptoms and management of chronic poisoning with the following agents:- Heavy metals: Arsenic, lead, mercury, iron, copper.
9. Venomous snake bites: Families of venomous snakes, clinical effects of venoms, general management as first aid, early manifestations, complications and snake bite injuries.
10. Plants poisoning: Mushrooms, Mycotoxins.
11. Food poisonings
12. Envenomations - Arthropod bites and stings.
5. Fifth Year Pharm D Notes
| Subject | |
|---|---|
| Clinical Research | Click Here |
| Pharmacoepidemiology & Pharmacoeconomics |
Click Here |
| Clinical Pharmacokinetics | Click Here |
Clinical Research Pharm D Notes
1. Drug development process: Introduction
Various Approaches to drug discovery
1. Pharmacological
2. Toxicological
3. IND Application
4. Drug characterization
5. Dosage form
2. Clinical development of drug:
1. Introduction to Clinical trials.
2. Various phases of clinical trial.
3. Methods of post marketing surveillance.
4. Abbreviated New Drug Application submission.
5. Good Clinical Practice - ICH, GCP, Central drug standard control organization (CDSCO) guidelines.
6. Challenges in the implementation of guidelines.
7. Ethical guidelines in Clinical Research.
8. Composition, responsibilities, procedures of IRB / IEC.
9. Overview of regulatory environment in USA, Europe and India.
10. Role and responsibilities of clinical trial personnel as per ICH GCP
a. Sponsor
b. Investigators
c. Clinical research associate
d. Auditors
e. Contract research coordinators
f. Regulatory authority
11. Designing of clinical study documents (protocol, CRF, ICF, PIC with assignment)
12. Informed consent Process
13. Data management and its components
14. Safety monitoring in clinical trials.
Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics Pharm D Notes
1. Pharmacoepidemiology
Definition and scope: Origin and evaluation of pharmacoepidemiology need for pharmacoepidemiology, aims and applications.
Measurement of outcomes in pharmacoepidemiology
Outcome measure and drug use measures
Prevalence, incidence and incidence rate. Monetary units, number of prescriptions, units of drugs dispensed, defined daily doses and prescribed daily doses, medication adherence measurement.
Concept of risk in pharmacoepidemiology
Measurement of risk, attributable risk and relative risk, time-risk relationship and odds ratio.
Pharmacoepidemiological methods
Includes theoretical aspects of various methods and practical study of various methods with the help of case studies for individual methods Drug utilization review, case reports, case series, surveys of drug use, cross – sectional studies, cohort studies, case control studies, case –cohort studies, meta - analysis studies, spontaneous reporting, prescription event monitoring and record linkage system.
Sources of data for pharmacoepidemiological studies
Ad Hoc data sources and automated data systems.
Selected special applications of pharmacoepidemiology
Studies of vaccine safety, hospital pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacoepidemiology and risk management, drug induced birth defects.
2. Phrmacoeconomics:
Definition, history, needs of pharmacoeconomic evaluations
Role in formulary management decisions.
Pharmacoeconomic evaluation
Outcome assessment and types of evaluation
Includes theoretical aspects of various methods and practical study of various methods with the help of case studies for individual methods:
Cost - minimization, cost- benefit, cost - effectiveness, cost utility
3. Applications of Pharmacoeconomics: Software and case studies.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics Pharm D Notes
1. Introduction to Clinical pharmacokinetics.
2. Design of dosage regimens: Nomograms and Tabulations in designing dosage regimen, Conversion from intravenous to oral dosing, Determination of dose and dosing intervals, Drug dosing in the elderly and pediatrics and obese patients.
3. Pharmacokinetics of Drug Interaction:
a. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions
b. Inhibition and Induction of Drug metabolism
c. Inhibition of Biliary Excretion.
4. Therapeutic Drug monitoring:
a. Introduction
b. Individualization of drug dosage regimen (Variability - Genetic, Age and Weight, disease, Interacting drugs).
c. Indications for TDM. Protocol for TDM.
d. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Correlation in drug therapy.
e. TDM of drugs used in the following disease conditions: cardiovascular disease, Seizure disorders, Psychiatric conditions, and Organ transplantations.
5. Dosage adjustment in Renal and hepatic Disease.
a. Renal impairment
b. Pharmacokinetic considerations
c. General approach for dosage adjustment in Renal disease.
d. Measurement of Glomerular Filtration rate and creatinine clearance.
e. Dosage adjustment for uremic patients.
f. Extracorporeal removal of drugs.
g. Effect of Hepatic disease on pharmacokinetics.
6. Population Pharmacokinetics.
a. Introduction to Bayesian Theory.
b. Adaptive method or Dosing with feed back.
c. Analysis of Population pharmacokinetic Data.
7. Pharmacogenetics
a. Genetic polymorphism in Drug metabolism: Cytochrome P-450 Isoenzymes.
b. Genetic Polymorphism in Drug Transport and Drug Targets.
c. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamic considerations
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